When I was a small and intensely young person, my parents would drive me down the California coastline to a town called Carmel near Monterrey Bay, where we would hang out on the beach and frolic amongst the slowly rotting kelp and aggressive sea gulls, eat burgers at Flaherty’s Seafood Restaurant (which specializes in seafood, not land food – I was five), and weave in and out of various art galleries until we were tired enough to return to our hotel and fall asleep.

Image courtesy citi-data.com

One time down in Carmel we saw an elephant seal carcass that had washed up on the beach, and on another occasion we passed two wealthy teenage girls furtively snorting cocaine out of a makeup compact as the sun set over the waves.

When I think about Monterrey, I tend to remember those childhood trips or to think about giant kelp and playful otters; coral reefs don’t immediately spring to mind. But Stanford University biomineralization expert Brent Constantz is working to change that with a new demonstration plant in the Bay that works just like a coral reef … but that manufactures cement.

Image courtesy sophiarogge.blogspot.com

Though tiny, “corals are the master builders of the animal kingdom. Powered on plankton and their symbiotic algae, hard corals extract the carbon dissolved in seawater and turn it into their calcium carbonate skeletons” (Guy). These skeletons build up on each other on a massive scale over time, creating rich habitat for diverse sea life that reminds me of what happens when we build cities out of concrete.

Image courtesy Calera.com

Constantz saw the opportunity to learn from nature and developed a coral-inspired cement manufacturing process. Cement manufacturing is a massive source of carbon emissions: in fact, “the cement industry is responsible for 5% of global carbon emissions, with each ton of cement producing a ton of CO2” (Guy). Constantz’s company, Calera, aims to green the production of cement by “capturing flue gases from factories, running them through a saline solution, and using electricity to convert the gases into solids. For 542 million years, corals have been sequestering carbon dissolved in water” (Guy). Calera is looking to reduce the time scale for sequestering carbon dioxide gas that could be affecting our climate.

WU XING:

I have filed this coral-like material under Earth and Water; connect the dots!

Cited:

Earthsky.org “Making Cement the Way Coral Does: Out of Thin Air.” Fastcompany.com Accessed 12/08/11. URL.

Guy, Allison. “Growing Cement like Coral.” NextNature.com 05/12/11. Accessed 12/08/11. URL.

There’s this place where I live called “Jimmy’s Food Store” and it is, as you might expect, a store where food is sold.  But oh what food it is!  Italian comestibles dripping with Italian deliciousness, sold with Italian gusto to Italians and non-Italians alike.  At Jimmy’s Food Store you can get an Italian meatball sandwich that will bring tears to your eyes. You will literally be crying as you eat it because it is so tasty, and you’ll be crying after you’ve eaten it because you’ll be so sad it’s gone.  I just started crying quietly at my desk just because I am thinking about it, actually.

If there is a drawback to Jimmy’s meatball sandwich (and please note that when I say drawback this is like pointing out that Miss Universe had on one too many fake eyelashes at the last pageant) it is that you receive it in a Styrofoam container.  I remember learning that it takes something like nine billion years and a thermonuclear explosion for Styrofoam to break down and return to Earth, and that even as it does so it is poisoning things and wreaking havoc and stealing your purse at gunpoint. It is bad stuff.  And even if you accept the fact that it has some good points (is a cheap insulating material that basically lasts forever) the Styrofoam containers at Jimmy’s are evil because they MAKE THE SANDWICH A LITTLE BIT SOGGY IF YOU DON’T OPEN IT RIGHT AWAY.

Image courtesy ecolect.net

I starting thinking about this while eating lunch at Jimmy’s last week because I had come across information about PaperFoam, which is an injection-molded cellulose fiber-based packaging material.  Paper foam is itself made from recycled paper, and its properties are similar to thin Styrofoam or pulp in packaging applications.  According to Ecolect, “the product is extremely lightweight which lowers the transportation costs, and consumers can discard [it] with paper recycling or in the trash as it easily biodegrades…  PaperFoam CD packaging, for example, has an 85% lower carbon footprint compared to traditional, plastic jewel-case CD packaging.”  The product is produced in the Netherlands, Denmark, the United States and Malaysia.

So I am thinking that Jimmy’s needs to develop a PaperFoam extra special vented meatball sandwich container. It would be biodegradable, prevent the sandwich from getting soggy, and keep it warm at the same time due to its insulating properties.  And for those of you wondering how this is relevant to architecture – you can’t build anything on an empty stomach!

WU XING

I have filed this material under WOOD because it is made of tree fibers.

Cited:

“Check Out Paper Foam, an Amazing Material!” Ecolect.net. Accessed 10/5/11. URL.

Glass is the best. Glass is the friend who drives you to the airport without complaining, who helps you move your fourteen-ton couch in exchange for beer, who tells you that you’ll regret the neon green mohawk when you look back at your wedding photos. Glass goes the extra mile. Without glass we’d either live and work in rooms devoid of daylight or we’d punch holes in the walls and our homes and offices would be full of weather, confused seagulls, and the occasional ambitious praying mantis.  It would be chaos.

Now imagine if glass could go one better: if glass could get you tickets to the Superbowl, or if it let you drive its Bugatti. In my humble opinion, that day has dawned.

Image courtesy helixated.com

A group of South Korean scientists have developed new glass that “becomes more or less transparent according to the light outside, darkening to save air conditioning bills on hot days, and letting in warmth on cold days to reduce heating costs. But unlike other designs, it does so automatically, without users having to use a control to dim or brighten the effect” (Schiller).  At this point, if you’re a devoted reader of ARCHITERIALS, you’re probably thinking, “but wait wasn’t there that glass that changes color and then that other really cool irridescent glass film? Hasn’t this been DONE??”

Well …. yes.

BUT there are drawbacks to many of the existing varieties of smart glass (electrochromic glass, for instance, or suspended particle displays): “many are expensive, degrade after relatively short periods, or present environmental problems during manufacturing processes” (Schiller).  So if you’re looking for a way to reduce heating and cooling bills but don’t want to degrade the environment by more than the minimum possible, then theoretically this new smart glass might work for you.

The researchers assert that their layered assembly of polymer, counterions, and methanol creates a low-cost, stable window embettered by an ability to switch automatically from transparent to opaque in a matter of seconds (Schiller).  I assume that this is based on the amount of light that hits the glass. In case you are not familiar (I wasn’t): counterions exhibit a charge opposite to the substance with which they are associated.

Image courtesy Chang Hwan Lee, Ho Sun Lim, Jooyong Kim†, and Jeong Ho Cho

So here’s how I understand this: the researchers created an environment where nanocrystalline surface structures either scattered the incident light (producing an opaque effect) or dissolved away, allowing light to travel through the glass.  The assembly is less toxic to produce than other chemical-intensive composites, and rather than requiring an electric current to achieve a transition from opaque to transparent, the material can make the change on its own. Magnificent.

WU XING:

I have filed smart glass under WATER because it makes sense.

Cited:

Schiller, Ben. “Smart Glass Becomes More Or Less Transparent Depending On The Weather.” Fastcompany.com 10/3/11. Accessed 10/4/11. URL.

“Counterion-Induced Reversibly Switchable Transparency in Smart Windows.”  Chang Hwan Lee, Ho Sun Lim, Jooyong Kim and ,Jeong Ho Cho. ACS Nano 2011 5 (9), 7397-7403. URL.

Last week I found myself in Zürich, Switzerland, which in itself is somewhat unusual for a person who typically lives and works in the great state of Texas.  To add to that, while installed in said location I experienced one of those intensive periods of excitement and discovery that only happen when you toss yourself and an over-stuffed rolling suitcase headlong into a foreign country and participate in a workshop in order to learn how to screen print electroluminescent lamps (and also to learn that, although they are healthier, multigrain croissants are simply not as delicious as the regular kind).

I should preface this by explaining, as I did many times to curious collaborators over the course of a week skipping up and down five flights of art school stairs coated in phosphor ink, exactly how I came to be in Switzerland in the first place.  The travel process was pretty standard, actually: I took a car to the airport, and then flew to another airport, and then another one, and then rode an extremely quiet and efficient train into Zürich, which turned out to be an extremely quiet and efficient city.

But in all seriousness, I’d like to extend sincere thanks to Manuel Kretzer, CAAD – Chair of Computer Aided Architectural Design, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Karmen Franinovic, Interaction Design, DDE, Zurich University of the Arts, Daniel Bisig, Institute for Computer Music and Sound Technology, DMU, Zurich University of the Arts, and Rachel Wingfield and Mathias Gmachl of Loop.pH, along with my amazing fellow workshop collaborators, all of whom I consider excellent, encouraging, and genius-tastic new friends, for the opportunity to participate in the Actuated Matter Workshop because … the experience was completely epic.

So epic, in fact, that I am in the process of producing a series of posts that focus on each of the materials/technologies that we investigated (I will turn the list into a series of links once everything is written because only today am I over my debilitating jet lag/have finished doing all my laundry):

Glass-fiber Reinforced Plastic

Electroluminescent (EL) Lamps

Electro-active Polymer (EAP)

Printed Loudspeakers

Thermochromic Ink

Although I have written about some of these items in the past, I must confess to you all that a hands-on approach where you try to make these materials do something specific has given me a new insight – and I almost feel like each has a distinct personality (and some may even have distinct personality disorders).

Another thing I noticed was that there is a peculiar rush associated with actuating matter – when Manuel casually electrocuted our EL lamps into functionality, I felt like Dr. Frankenstein watching the monster open his eyes for the first time and it flooded me with a curious mixture of fascination and relief (not to mention a bit of suprise that the modules actually worked after the number of failed trial attempts).

EL Modules from ARCHITERIALS on Vimeo.

And, lucky for us, the EL lamps did not turn around and run out the door to kill innocent villagers like Frankenstein’s monster.  Well, at least, not as far as I know….

I resent the noise of the printer, printer jams, shaking the toner cartridge, the harsh chemicals involved, and the amount of electricity it takes to print on a sheet of paper. I resent those things with the heat of a thousand suns.

But … just when I believed that I had calcified in my negative stance on all forms of printing, I learned that MIT engineers recently revealed a process they’ve developed to produce printed solar cells.  Their flexible cells can be printed on paper or fabric and folded over 1,000 times without losing efficiency, and they’re not energy-intensive to produce!  I was cautiously optimistic: maybe, I thought, printing doesn’t have to be completely evil?

Photos: Patrick Gillooly/MIT

The creation of typical solar cells involves exposing substrates to intense chemicals and high temperatures, which necessitates a whole lotta energy consumption.  MIT’s new fancy solar cells “are formed by placing five layers of material onto  a single sheet of  paper in successive passes. A mask is utilized to form the cell patterns, and  the entire printing process is done in a vacuum chamber” (Singh).  Fabric and paper substrates weigh less than the glass and other heavy backing materials that are typically used, and researchers think that they’re well on the way to developing scalable cells for use in photovoltaic arrays.

So here’s what I’ll say: the day my office printer can power itself by printing out solar cells is the day I will let go of these negative emotions and learn to forgive.

Click  here to see the technology in action (via Inhabitat).

WU XING:

I have filed MIT’s solar cells under water (because of the gentle process) and wood (because they’re flexible and can be printed on paper). And also, privately, under awesome.

Cited:

Singh, Timon. “MIT Unveils Flexible Solar Cells Printed on Paper.” Inhabitat.com 07/11/11. Accessed 07/12/11. URL.

Image courtesy todayifoundout.com

A fascinating new metal alloy material under development by researchers at the University of Minnesota, led by Professor Richard James, works similar to a generator, producing electric current in the presence of heat energy.

Ni45Co5Mn40Sn10 is a composite of nickel, cobalt, manganese and tin that is multiferroic (has both magnetism and ferroelectricity, yeilding permanent electric polarization).  The alloy “undergoes a reversible phase transformation, in which one type of solid turns into another type of solid when the temperature changes…. Specifically, the alloy goes from being non-magnetic to highly magnetized. The temperature only needs to be raised a small amount for this to happen” (Boyle).  So when you heat this stuff up and place it near a permanent magnet (perhaps a rare-earth magnet) the alloy’s magnetic force increases with all the dramatic intensity of Joan Crawford, producing a current in a nearby coil.

Image courtesy popsci.com

A process called hysteresis, which makes me imagine sixteen distraught women in togas running down the street screaming, crying, and tearing their hair out, causes a small fraction of the heat energy to be lost. Despite all the hysteresis, researchers believe the alloy could be used to convert waste heat energy into large amounts of electricity. Cha ching!

Auto manufacturers are currently working on heat transfer devices that can convert hot car exhaust into useable electricity.  General Motors has been looking at alloys called “skutterudites” made from cobalt-arsenide materials “doped with rare earths” (Boyle). The material could also be used to make heat-capture devices that could be placed near the rare earth magnets in hybrid car batteries, or used for power plants or even ocean thermal energy generators, according to the researchers.

WU XING:

I have filed this post under Metals due to the prevalence of the alloys and the metals and whatnot.

Cited:

Boyle, Rebecca. “New Alloy can Convert Heat Directly into Electricity.” Popsci. 06/22/11. Accessed 06/24/11. URL.

Image courtesy ursulinesmsj.org

But since there’s no cake, I’m going to write about a new metal panel product coated with, you guessed it: titanium dioxide.  Bonding this chemical to various materials is a growing trend in green building (read about ceramic tiles coated with TiO₂ here) because it’s thought to break down organic matter, SOx (sulphur oxides), and NOx (nitrogen oxides) – the primary component of smog.

Image courtesy ecoclean.com

Alcoa Architectural products has developed a process of applying a titanium dioxide coating called “EcoClean” (the green product naming equivalent of SuperAwesomeAmazingPerfectSauce) to the pre-painted aluminum surface of their Reynobond aluminum panels. As a consequence of the TiO₂ coating, the panels are self-cleaning and break down everything from bird droppings to harmful pollutants.

Image courtesy ecoclean.com

The panels actively remove pollutants from the air in the presence of water and sunlight.  Free radicals generated by the titanium dioxide oxidize the NOx molecules and render them harmless.  Rain washes all said harmless dirt and crud right off the panels, meaning lower maintenance costs for owners and a cleaner image for the building over time (architect is happy! yay!).

Image courtesy ecoclean.com

According to the product literature, installing TiO₂ coated panels “on your building can have approximately enough cleansing power to offset the smog created by the pollution output of four cars every day, which is the approximate air cleansing power of 80 trees every day” (Source: Ecoclean.com).

WU XING:

I am filing this under metal because of the aluminum panels and water because it’s a necessary ingredient for the process to work.

No really – it isn’t like learning about the War of Jenkins Ear, where you have to imagine being alive in the 1700’s and fighting with a large group of Spanish and British soldiers and it’s a bit of a stretch. You know what compression when you attempt to balance a pile of textbooks about colonial military campaigns on your head and your neck shortens, and you understand tension because you actually feel it when you pull on a locked doorknob.

Image courtesy wikimedia commons

So far I haven’t worked on any projects like the Denver Airport, where tension and its expression are major elements of the design. But I am working on a competition entry that will incorporate wind-resistant architectural fabric, and research for that project caused me to dig through my lovely ARCHITERIALS submissions inbox where I found product information from Tensotherm with Nanogel®, developed by Birdair, Cabot Corporation and Geiger Engineers.

Tensotherm is a tensile fabric material that insulates like standard roofing, although it can be made translucent if you’re interested in letting light shine in.  According to the product literature, “Tensotherm is comprised of two layers of PTFE fabric membrane with a layer of Nanogel aerogel sandwiched between the two layers. PTFE, or polytetrafluoroethylene, is a Teflon®-coated woven fiberglass membrane that is extremely durable and water resistant; it is capable of withstanding temperatures from -100°F to +450°F, immune to UV rays, and waterproof.” The aerogel layer is as light as a feather and as an insulator it makes whale blubber look pathetic (please do read this post for more on the awesome characteristics of aerogels).

Image courtesy birdair.com

The product is manufactured in Tijuana, Mexico, but unlike strong narcotics arriving daily from South and Central America, Tensotherm is suitable for use as roofing in stadiums, arenas, schools, convention centers, transportation facilities, retail facilities and more. Don’t use it for open-air structures, as it’s not suited for the application.

Image courtesy birdair.com

While it’s hard to know what goes in to the manufacturing process, translucent Tensotherm could contribute to a green building strategy that incorporates daylighting, and if it’s indeed an effective insulator it could reduce heating and cooling loads in buildings.  Another benefit of a lightweight, tensile roof is the fact that support structure can be smaller in size; this reduces expenditures on shipping and installation.  The system produces very little job site waste and the fabric can contribute to the acoustic environment.

Have you used Tensotherm or similar products in your work? Let us know what’s what in the comments!

WU XING:

I have filed Tensotherm under Wood because it’s great in tension.

Image courtesy thenewyorkgreenadvocate.blogspot.com

The Lumenatrix Backlighting System by Duo-Guard aims to remedy at least the energy consumption issue by providing an LED-based architectural lighting system that allows designers to create free standing, smoothly illuminated architectural elements such as walls and ceilings without hot spots.

The Lumenatrix system is comprised of tiles (squares, hexagons, octagons, or rounds that can be custom-fabricated in 2″-12″ depths) supplied individually or in prearranged configurations.  The tiles can be recessed, surface, or pendant mounted, and they’re capable of transmitting daylight, which reduces the cost of a glowing wall during daylight hours.  The tiles are arranged in panels that consist of a structural power rail grid system that provides low voltage electricity to the LEDs.  The lights can slide on the rails to produce specific lighting effects.

Image courtesy thenewyorkgreenadvocate.blogspot.com

Heat sinks allow the system to run at lower temperatures, which theoretically increases the lifespan of the LED bulbs, and with one LED per square foot of illuminated surface, the power consumption of the system can be as low as 1-3 watts per square foot.

Check out the following video produced by Duo-Guard for Greenbuild last year to learn more about the system!

WU XING:

I have filed Lumenatrix Backlighting system under Fire, since it involves lighting.

Cited:

Lumenatrix Site

Scientists have been working with carbon nanotubes (essentially, rolled up sheets of graphene) to encourage solar cells to convert more of the sun’s energy to electricity.  Theoretically, nanotubes “gather more electrons that are kicked up from the surface of a PV cell, allowing a greater number of electrons to produce a current” (Boyle).  More electrons means more power, so it’s a decent line of research to pursue.

image courtesy roselawgroup.com

In practice, however, using carbon nanotubes in solar cells has proved more complicated than one might like for two reasons: “first, the making of carbon nanotubes generally produces a mix of two types, some of which act as semiconductors (sometimes allowing an electric current to flow, sometimes not) or metals (which act like wires, allowing current to flow easily). The new research, for the first time, showed that the effects of these two types tend to be different, because the semiconducting nanotubes can enhance the performance of solar cells, but the metallic ones have the opposite effect. Second, nanotubes tend to clump together, which reduces their effectiveness” (Chandler). Understanding the differences between the two types of nanotubes could be useful for designing more efficient nanoscale batteries, piezoelectrics or other power-related materials.

Image credit Matt Klug, Biomolecular Materials Group

Graduate students Xiangnan Dang and Hyunjung Yi, MIT professor Angela Belcher and colleagues turned to biology for a solution to these nanochallenges, employing a genetically engineered version of a virus called M13, prone to attacking and infecting bacteria.  M13 can arrange and order nanotubes on a surface.  The virus has peptides that bind to the nanotubes, allowing them to separate the tubes so they can’t short out the circuits, and it also prevents clumping. “Each virus can grip about five to 10 nanotubes each, using roughly 300 of the protein molecules. The viruses were also genetically engineered to produce a layer of titanium dioxide, which happens to be the key ingredient in Grätzel cells, a.k.a. dye-sensitized solar cells… This close contact between TiO2 nanoparticles helps transport the electrons more efficiently” (Boyle).

Interestingly, the viruses also make the nanotubes water-soluble, which could lower manufacturing costs by facilitating the incorporation of nanotubes into solar cells at room temperature.  The virus-built structures enhanced the solar cells’ power conversion efficiency to 10.6 percent from 8 percent. That’s about a one-third improvement, using a viral system that makes up just 0.1 percent of the cells’ weight (Boyle). A little help from biology goes a long way.

WU XING:

I have filed this under fire, because the main idea relates to energy.

Cited:

Boyle, Rebecca. “MIT Researchers use Viruses to Build More Efficient Solar Panels.” Popsci.com 04/25/11. Accessed 04/26/11. URL.

Chandler, David L. “Solar Power Goes Viral.” MIT News Office. 04/25/11. Accessed 04/26/11. URL.